Did you use a big or small nozzle? (Small is better because you only heat up the usb port)
Its kinda bad when components unintentionally desolder but is fine for a complete beginner
The stuff that remains on the usb pads is leftover solder, just put some solder on a tip and go over all contacts then wipe with some solder wick over it to remove the leadfree solder and solder in the holes
Pieces of the old connector in the holes can be removed by pushing a tweezer into the hole while heating it with an solder iron
PS: The components are capacitors, resistors are the black ones ^^